Nanobodies, also known as VHH antibodies or single-domain antibodies, have emerged as a groundbreaking class of therapeutic agents in the field of biotechnology. These tiny antibody fragments, derived from camelids and engineered for human use, possess unique properties that make them highly valuable in research, diagnostics, and therapeutic applications.
According to Coherent Market Insights, the global Nanobodies Market is estimated to
be valued at US$ 237.1 Mn in 2021 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 24.1%
over the forecast period (2021-2028).
Nanobodies are derived from the unique immune
system of camelids, such as camels and llamas. Unlike traditional antibodies
found in humans and other mammals, which consist of two heavy chains and two
light chains, it is composed of only a single variable domain (VHH) derived from
the heavy chain. This smaller size, approximately one-tenth that of a
conventional antibody, grants exceptional stability, solubility, and the
ability to access hidden epitopes that larger antibodies may not reach.
The
production involves immunizing the animal with a specific antigen of interest.
The immune system of the camelid then generates a diverse repertoire of
antibodies, including Nanobodies,
against the target antigen. Researchers can isolate and purify these from the
camelid's blood or generate them through recombinant DNA technology by cloning
the VHH gene. The global Neutralizing
Antibody Market size was valued at US$ 1.62 billion in 2023 and is
projected to reach US$ 2.69 billion by 2030 at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 7.5% from 2023 to 2030.
The
unique structure enables them to bind tightly and specifically to their target
antigens. The VHH domain consists of three complementarity-determining regions
(CDRs) that interact with the antigen, allowing for high-affinity binding. Nanobodies
can recognize a wide range of antigens, including proteins, peptides, small
molecules, and even specific conformations of proteins. This versatility makes
them powerful tools for research and diagnostics, enabling the detection and
quantification of specific targets with high precision and sensitivity.
One
of the most significant advantages is their exceptional stability. Their small
size and robust structure make them highly resistant to extremes of pH,
temperature, and protease degradation. This stability allows for their use in
harsh conditions, such as high temperatures or low pH, where conventional
antibodies may lose their functionality. It also makes Nanobodies
ideal candidates for oral administration and other routes of drug delivery.
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